A DOI is a Digital Object Identifier is unique identifier for digital objects. Here in the library, you'll find DOIs will help you find journal articles and other information.
The DOI will remain constant over the life of the information, while other details, such as the URL or metadata, might change. Without a DOI, if the URL changed after a journal website redesign or a change in publishers, you'd have to restart your search for the article. With a DOI, you can automatically be sent to the information's new location.
You can learn more about DOIs at doi.org.